Micrometer-scale pore collapse mechanisms in shocked HMX single crystal: Experiments and simulations

Wang Hanyu; Ma Xiao; Ma Yuncan; Chu Genbai; Ding Kai; Tu Shaoyong; Fu Hua; Zheng Xianxu; Wang Xinjie; Cao Zhurong; Huang Fenglei

doi:10.1063/5.0300508

Volume 11 Issue 3

May 2026

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Wang Hanyu, Ma Xiao, Ma Yuncan, Chu Genbai, Ding Kai, Tu Shaoyong, Fu Hua, Zheng Xianxu, Wang Xinjie, Cao Zhurong, Huang Fenglei. Micrometer-scale pore collapse mechanisms in shocked HMX single crystal: Experiments and simulations[J]. Matter and Radiation at Extremes, 2026, 11(3): 037603. doi: 10.1063/5.0300508

Citation:

Wang Hanyu, Ma Xiao, Ma Yuncan, Chu Genbai, Ding Kai, Tu Shaoyong, Fu Hua, Zheng Xianxu, Wang Xinjie, Cao Zhurong, Huang Fenglei. Micrometer-scale pore collapse mechanisms in shocked HMX single crystal: Experiments and simulations[J]. Matter and Radiation at Extremes, 2026, 11(3): 037603. doi: 10.1063/5.0300508

Citation:

Wang Hanyu, Ma Xiao, Ma Yuncan, Chu Genbai, Ding Kai, Tu Shaoyong, Fu Hua, Zheng Xianxu, Wang Xinjie, Cao Zhurong, Huang Fenglei. Micrometer-scale pore collapse mechanisms in shocked HMX single crystal: Experiments and simulations[J]. Matter and Radiation at Extremes, 2026, 11(3): 037603. doi: 10.1063/5.0300508

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Micrometer-scale pore collapse mechanisms in shocked HMX single crystal: Experiments and simulations

doi: 10.1063/5.0300508

Wang Hanyu^1
,,
Ma Xiao^2
,,
Ma Yuncan²,
Chu Genbai^3
,,
Ding Kai⁴,
Tu Shaoyong^3
,,
Fu Hua²,
Zheng Xianxu²,
Wang Xinjie^{1
,
,
,},
Cao Zhurong^{3
,
,},
Huang Fenglei¹

1.
State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
2.
National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, 621900 Mianyang, China
3.
Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, 621900 Mianyang, China
4.
Beijing Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, 100074 Beijing, China

More Information

Corresponding author: a)Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: wangxinjie@bit.edu.cn and 65133065@qq.com
Received Date: 2025-09-02
Accepted Date: 2026-01-09

Available Online: 2026-05-01

Publish Date: 2026-05-28

Abstract

Abstract

Pore collapse is a fundamental mechanism governing hotspot formation during shock initiation of high explosives. In this paper, shock-induced micrometer-scale pore collapse responses in cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX) single crystals are systematically investigated through integrated shock experiments and numerical simulations. A multimodal experimental and diagnostic platform integrating laser-driven compression, sub-nanosecond temporal-resolution X-ray imaging, and multipoint photonic Doppler velocimetry, is developed to analyze the 200 μm cylindrical pore collapse mechanisms in shocked HMX crystals for the first time. A novel model is developed that includes nonlinear thermoelastic, pressure-dependent viscoplastic, and new melting criteria, which can effectively reproduce experimental observations of two distinct collapse regimes. A regime transition is found from an integral collapse mechanism under weak shock loading (12 GPa) to a jet collapse mechanism under high shock loading (23 GPa). Pore collapse occurs with symmetrical shear band formation (±45° relative to shock direction) at 12 GPa, while jet formation is initiated and propagates downstream at 23 GPa. Parametric analysis further quantifies size effects, showing that the pore diameter obviously influences the pore collapse rate in low-pressure regimes, but becomes negligible under high pressures. The findings presented here could establish the groundwork for development of shock initiation models with improved predictive ability.

Conflict of Interest
The authors have no conflicts to disclose.
H.W. and X.M. contributed equally to this work and should be considered co-first authors.
Hanyu Wang: Software (equal); Writing – original draft (equal). Xiao Ma: Investigation (equal); Writing – original draft (equal). Yuncan Ma: Methodology (equal). Genbai Chu: Validation (equal). Kai Ding: Software (equal). Shaoyong Tu: Visualization (equal). Hua Fu: Supervision (equal). Xianxu Zheng: Supervision (equal); Validation (equal). Xinjie Wang: Conceptualization (lead); Supervision (equal); Validation (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Zhurong Cao: Methodology (equal). Fenglei Huang: Funding acquisition (equal); Resources (equal).
Author Contributions
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request.

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References(46)

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