Measurement of 2<i>p</i>-3<i>d</i> absorption in a hot molybdenum plasma

Xiong Gang; Qing Bo; Zhang Zhiyu; Jing Longfei; Zhao Yang; Wei Minxi; Yang Yimeng; Hou Lifei; Huang Chengwu; Zhu Tuo; Song Tianming; Lv Min; Zhao Yan; Zhang Yuxue; Yang Guohong; Wu Zeqing; Yan Jun; Zou Yaming; Zhang Jiyan; Yang Jiamin

doi:10.1063/5.0172662

Volume 9 Issue 4

Jul. 2024

Turn off MathJax

Article Contents

Article Navigation > Matter and Radiation at Extremes > 2024 > 9(4): 047801

Xiong Gang, Qing Bo, Zhang Zhiyu, Jing Longfei, Zhao Yang, Wei Minxi, Yang Yimeng, Hou Lifei, Huang Chengwu, Zhu Tuo, Song Tianming, Lv Min, Zhao Yan, Zhang Yuxue, Yang Guohong, Wu Zeqing, Yan Jun, Zou Yaming, Zhang Jiyan, Yang Jiamin. Measurement of 2p-3d absorption in a hot molybdenum plasma[J]. Matter and Radiation at Extremes, 2024, 9(4): 047801. doi: 10.1063/5.0172662

Citation:

Xiong Gang, Qing Bo, Zhang Zhiyu, Jing Longfei, Zhao Yang, Wei Minxi, Yang Yimeng, Hou Lifei, Huang Chengwu, Zhu Tuo, Song Tianming, Lv Min, Zhao Yan, Zhang Yuxue, Yang Guohong, Wu Zeqing, Yan Jun, Zou Yaming, Zhang Jiyan, Yang Jiamin. Measurement of 2p-3d absorption in a hot molybdenum plasma[J]. Matter and Radiation at Extremes, 2024, 9(4): 047801. doi: 10.1063/5.0172662

Citation:

Xiong Gang, Qing Bo, Zhang Zhiyu, Jing Longfei, Zhao Yang, Wei Minxi, Yang Yimeng, Hou Lifei, Huang Chengwu, Zhu Tuo, Song Tianming, Lv Min, Zhao Yan, Zhang Yuxue, Yang Guohong, Wu Zeqing, Yan Jun, Zou Yaming, Zhang Jiyan, Yang Jiamin. Measurement of 2p-3d absorption in a hot molybdenum plasma[J]. Matter and Radiation at Extremes, 2024, 9(4): 047801. doi: 10.1063/5.0172662

PDF( 6159 KB)

Measurement of 2p-3d absorption in a hot molybdenum plasma

doi: 10.1063/5.0172662

1.
Shanghai EBIT Laboratory, and Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Ion-Beam Application (MOE), Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
2.
Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
3.
Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China

More Information

Author Bio:
Electronic mail: zhangjiyanzjy@163.com
Corresponding author: b)Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: yjm70018@sina.cn
Received Date: 2023-08-24
Accepted Date: 2024-04-18

Available Online: 2024-07-01

Publish Date: 2024-07-01

Abstract

Abstract

We present measurements of the 2p-3d transition opacity of a hot molybdenum–scandium sample with nearly half-vacant molybdenum M-shell configurations. A plastic-tamped molybdenum–scandium foil sample is radiatively heated to high temperature in a compact D-shaped gold Hohlraum driven by ∼30 kJ laser energy at the SG-100 kJ laser facility. X rays transmitted through the molybdenum and scandium plasmas are diffracted by crystals and finally recorded by image plates. The electron temperatures in the sample in particular spatial and temporal zones are determined by the K-shell absorption of the scandium plasma. A combination of the IRAD3D view factor code and the MULTI hydrodynamic code is used to simulate the spatial distribution and temporal behavior of the sample temperature and density. The inferred temperature in the molybdenum plasma reaches a average of 138 ± 11 eV. A detailed configuration-accounting calculation of the n = 2–3 transition absorption of the molybdenum plasma is compared with experimental measurements and quite good agreement is found. The present measurements provide an opportunity to test opacity models for complicated M-shell configurations.

Conflict of Interest
The authors have no conflicts to disclose.
Gang Xiong: Conceptualization (equal); Data curation (equal); Investigation (equal); Methodology (equal); Software (equal); Validation (equal); Writing – original draft (equal). Bo Qing: Data curation (equal); Investigation (equal); Methodology (equal); Software (equal). Zhiyu Zhang: Investigation (equal); Methodology (equal); Software (equal). Longfei Jing: Software (equal); Visualization (equal). Yang Zhao: Investigation (equal); Methodology (equal); Validation (equal). Minxi Wei: Methodology (equal). Yimeng Yang: Methodology (equal). Lifei Hou: Methodology (equal). Chengwu Huang: Methodology (equal). Tuo Zhu: Methodology (equal). Tianming Song: Investigation (equal); Software (equal). Min Lv: Methodology (equal). Yan Zhao: Investigation (equal). Yuxue Zhang: Methodology (equal). Guohong Yang: Methodology (equal). Zeqing Wu: Software (equal). Jun Yan: Software (equal). Yaming Zou: Supervision (equal). Jiyan Zhang: Methodology (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Jiamin Yang: Conceptualization (equal); Project administration (equal); Supervision (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal).
Author Contributions
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

FullText(HTML)

References(51)

References

[1]	F. J. Rogers and C. A. Iglesias, “Astrophysical opacity,” Science 263, 50 (1994).10.1126/science.263.5143.50
[2]	G. Meng, J. She, T. Song, J. Yang, and M. Wang, “Theoretical investigations on x-ray transport in radiation transport experiments on the Shenguang-III prototype laser facility,” Matter Radiat. Extremes 7, 025901 (2022).10.1063/5.0043745
[3]	E. V. Grabovski, P. V. Sasorov, A. P. Shevelko, V. V. Aleksandrov, S. N. Andreev, M. M. Basko, A. V. Branitski, A. N. Gritsuk, G. S. Volkov, Y. N. Laukhin, K. N. Mitrofanov, G. M. Oleinik, A. A. Samokhin, V. P. Smirnov, I. Y. Tolstikhina, I. N. Frolov, and O. F. Yakushev, “Investigation of Al plasmas from thin foils irradiated by high-intensity extreme ultraviolet,” Matter Radiat. Extremes 2, 129–138 (2017).10.1016/j.mre.2016.11.007
[4]	D. Hong, H. Rabat, E. Le Menn, C. Zaepffel, and J.-M. Bauchire, “Compact Z-pinch radiation source dedicated to broadband absorption measurements,” Matter Radiat. Extremes 1, 179–186 (2016).10.1016/j.mre.2016.05.003
[5]	T. S. Perry, S. J. Davidson, F. J. D. Serduke, D. R. Bach, C. C. Smith, J. M. Foster, R. J. Doyas, R. A. Ward, C. A. Iglesias, F. J. Rogers, J. Abdallah, R. E. Stewart, J. D. Kilkenny, and R. W. Lee, “Opacity measurements in a hot dense medium,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 3784–3787 (1991).10.1103/physrevlett.67.3784
[6]	L. B. DaSilva, B. J. MacGowan, D. R. Kania, B. A. Hammel, C. A. Back, E. Hsieh, R. Doyas, C. A. Iglesias, F. J. Rogers, and R. W. Lee, “Absorption measurements demonstrating the importance of Δn = 0 transitions in the opacity of iron,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 438 (1992).10.1103/physrevlett.69.438
[7]	P. T. Springer, D. J. Fields, B. G. Wilson, J. K. Nash, W. H. Goldstein, C. A. Iglesias, F. J. Rogers, J. K. Swenson, M. H. Chen, A. Bar-Shalom, and R. E. Stewart, “Spectroscopic absorption measurements of an iron plasma,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 3735–3738 (1992).10.1103/physrevlett.69.3735
[8]	J. M. Foster, D. J. Hoarty, C. C. Smith, P. A. Rosen, S. J. Davidson, S. J. Rose, T. S. Perry, and F. J. D. Serduke, “L-shell absorption spectrum of an open-M-shell germanium plasma: Comparison of experimental data with a detailed configuration-accounting calculation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 3255–3258 (1991).10.1103/physrevlett.67.3255
[9]	T. Blenski, G. Loisel, M. Poirier, F. Thais, P. Arnault, T. Caillaud, J. Fariaut, F. Gilleron, J. C. Pain, Q. Porcherot, C. Reverdin, V. Silvert, B. Villette, S. Bastiani-Ceccotti, S. Turck-Chi eze, W. Foelsner, and F. de Gaufridy de Dortan, “Opacity of iron, nickel, and copper plasmas in the x-ray wavelength range: Theoretical interpretation of 2p–3d absorption spectra,” Phys. Rev. E 84, 036407 (2011).10.1103/physreve.84.036407
[10]	J. C. Pain, F. Gilleron, J. Bauche, and C. Bauche-Arnoult, “Effect of third- and fourth-order moments on the modeling of unresolved transition arrays,” High Energy Density Phys. 5, 294–301 (2009).10.1016/j.hedp.2009.05.001
[11]	J. Zeng, G. Zhao, and J. Yuan, “Influence of detailed line treatment on the opacity of iron plasmas in the 2p–3d energy region,” Phys. Rev. E 70, 027401 (2004).10.1103/physreve.70.027401
[12]	J. C. Pain and F. Gilleron, “Accounting for highly excited states in detailed opacity calculations,” High Energy Density Phys. 15, 30–42 (2015).10.1016/j.hedp.2015.03.011
[13]	F. Jin and J. Yuan, “Detailed diagnostics for a hot bromine plasma by the open M-shell opacity,” Phys. Rev. E 72, 016404 (2005).10.1103/physreve.72.016404
[14]	W. Yu, F. Jin, Y. Hou, C. Gao, J. Wu, J. Zeng, and J. Yuan, “A systematic study on 2p → 3d radiative opacity of lowly charged Cu plasmas,” AIP Adv. 11, 065105 (2021).10.1063/5.0053594
[15]	C. Chenais-Popovics, H. Merdji, T. Missalla, F. Gilleron, J.-C. Gauthier, T. Blenski, F. Perrot, M. Klapisch, C. Bauche-Arnoult, J. Bauche, A. Bachelier, and K. Eidmann, “Opacity studies of iron in the 15-30 eV temperature range,” Astrophys. J., Suppl. Ser. 127, 275 (2000).10.1086/313354
[16]	G. Loisel, P. Arnault, S. Bastiani-Ceccotti, T. Blenski, T. Caillaud, J. Fariaut, W. Fölsner, F. Gilleron, J. C. Pain, M. Poirier et al., “Absorption spectroscopy of mid and neighboring Z plasmas: Iron, nickel, copper and germanium,” High Energy Density Phys 5, 173–181 (2009).10.1016/j.hedp.2009.05.015
[17]	J. Zhang, H. Li, Y. Zhao, G. Xiong, Z. Yuan, H. Zhang, G. Yang, J. Yang, S. Liu, S. Jiang, Y. Ding, B. Zhang, Z. Zheng, Y. Xu, X. Meng, and J. Yan, “L- and M-shell absorption measurements of radiatively heated Fe plasma,” Phys. Plasmas 19, 113302 (2012).10.1063/1.4769103
[18]	C. Chenais-Popovics, M. Fajardo, F. Gilleron, U. Teubner, J. C. Gauthier, C. Bauche-Arnoult, A. Bachelier, J. Bauche, T. Blenski, F. Thais, F. Perrot, A. Benuzzi, S. Turck-Chièze, J. P. Chièze, F. Dorchies, U. Andiel, W. Foelsner, and K. Eidmann, “L-band x-ray absorption of radiatively heated nickel,” Phys. Rev. E 65, 016413 (2001).10.1103/physreve.65.016413
[19]	J. Bruneau, A. Decoster, D. Desenne, H. Dumont, J. P. Le Breton, M. Boivineau, J. P. Perrine, S. Bayle, M. Louis-Jacquet, J. P. Geindre, C. Chenais-Popovics, and J. C. Gauthier, “Time-resolved study of hot dense germanium by L-shell absorption spectroscopy,” Phys. Rev. A 44, R832 (1991).10.1103/physreva.44.r832
[20]	C. A. Back, T. S. Perry, D. R. Bach, B. G. Wilson, C. A. Iglesias, O. L. Landen, S. J. Davidson, and B. J. B. Crowley, “Opacity measurements: Extending the range and filling in the gaps,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 58, 415–425 (1997).10.1016/s0022-4073(97)00049-6
[21]	P. Renaudin, C. Blancard, J. Bruneau, G. Faussurier, J. E. Fuchs, and S. Gary, “Absorption experiments on x-ray-heated magnesium and germanium constrained samples,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 99, 511–522 (2006).10.1016/j.jqsrt.2005.05.041
[22]	J. E. Bailey, P. Arnault, T. Blenski, G. Dejonghe, O. Peyrusse, J. J. MacFarlane, R. C. Mancini, M. E. Cuneo, D. S. Nielsen, and G. A. Rochau, “Opacity measurements of tamped NaBr samples heated by z-pinch X-rays,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 81, 31–45 (2003).10.1016/s0022-4073(03)00050-5
[23]	T. S. Perry, P. T. Springer, D. F. Fields, D. R. Bach, F. J. D. Serduke, C. A. Iglesias, F. J. Rogers, J. K. Nash, M. H. Chen, B. G. Wilson, W. H. Goldstein, B. Rozsynai, R. A. Ward, J. D. Kilkenny, R. Doyas, L. B. Da Silva, C. A. Back, R. Cauble, S. J. Davidson, J. M. Foster, C. C. Smith, A. Bar-Shalom, and R. W. Lee, “Absorption experiments on x-ray-heated mid-Z constrained samples,” Phys. Rev. E 54, 5617–5631 (1996).10.1103/physreve.54.5617
[24]	D. J. Hoarty, J. W. O. Harris, P. Graham, S. J. Davidson, S. F. James, B. J. B. Crowley, E. L. Clark, C. C. Smith, and L. Upcraft, “Measurements of niobium absorption spectra in plasmas with nearly full M-shell configurations,” High Energy Density Phys. 3, 325–334 (2007).10.1016/j.hedp.2007.03.001
[25]	J. E. Bailey, G. A. Rochau, C. A. Iglesias, J. J. Abdallah, J. J. MacFarlane, I. Golovkin, P. Wang, R. C. Mancini, P. W. Lake, T. C. Moore, M. Bump, O. Garcia, and S. Mazevet, “Iron-plasma transmission measurements at temperatures above 150 eV,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 265002 (2007).10.1103/physrevlett.99.265002
[26]	J. E. Bailey, G. A. Rochau, R. C. Mancini, C. A. Iglesias, J. J. MacFarlane, I. E. Golovkin, C. Blancard, P. Cosse, and G. Faussurier, “Experimental investigation of opacity models for stellar interior, inertial fusion, and high energy density plasmas,” Phys. Plasmas 16, 058101 (2009).10.1063/1.3089604
[27]	J. E. Bailey, T. Nagayama, G. P. Loisel, G. A. Rochau, C. Blancard, J. Colgan, P. Cosse, G. Faussurier, C. J. Fontes, F. Gilleron, I. Golovkin, S. B. Hansen, C. A. Iglesias, D. P. Kilcrease, J. J. MacFarlane, R. C. Mancini, S. N. Nahar, C. Orban, J. C. Pain, A. K. Pradhan, M. Sherrill, and B. G. Wilson, “A higher-than-predicted measurement of iron opacity at solar interior temperatures,” Nature 517, 56–59 (2015).10.1038/nature14048
[28]	T. Nagayama, J. E. Bailey, G. P. Loisel, G. S. Dunham, G. A. Rochau, C. Blancard, J. Colgan, P. Cosse, G. Faussurier, C. J. Fontes, F. Gilleron, S. B. Hansen, C. A. Iglesias, I. E. Golovkin, D. P. Kilcrease, J. J. MacFarlane, R. C. Mancini, R. M. More, C. Orban, J. C. Pain, M. E. Sherrill, and B. G. Wilson, “Systematic study of L-shell opacity at stellar interior temperatures,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 235001 (2019).10.1103/physrevlett.122.235001
[29]	R. Heeter, T. Perry, H. Johns, K. Opachich, M. Ahmed, J. Emig, J. Holder, C. Iglesias, D. Liedahl, R. London, M. Martin, N. Thompson, B. Wilson, T. Archuleta, T. Cardenas, E. Dodd, M. Douglas, K. Flippo, C. Fontes, J. Kline, L. Kot, N. Krasheninnikova, M. Sherrill, T. Urbatsch, E. Huffman, J. King, R. Knight, J. Bailey, and G. Rochau, “Iron x-ray transmission at temperature near 150 eV using the national ignition facility: First measurements and paths to uncertainty reduction,” Atoms 6, 57 (2018).10.3390/atoms6040057
[30]	T. S. Perry, R. Heeter, Y. Opachich, H. Johns, J. King, E. Dodd, B. DeVolder, M. Sherrill, B. Wilson, C. Iglesias, J. Kline, K. Flippo, T. Cardenas, M. Schneider, D. Liedahl, T. Urbatsch, M. Douglas, J. Bailey, and G. Rochau, “Progress toward NIF opacity measurements,” High Energy Density Phys. 35, 100728 (2020).10.1016/j.hedp.2019.100728
[31]	P. W. Ross, R. F. Heeter, M. F. Ahmed, E. Dodd, E. J. Huffman, D. A. Liedahl, J. A. King, Y. P. Opachich, M. B. Schneider, and T. S. Perry, “Design of the opacity spectrometer for opacity measurements at the national ignition facility,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87, 11D623 (2016).10.1063/1.4962819
[32]	Y. P. Opachich, R. F. Heeter, M. A. Barrios, E. M. Garcia, R. S. Craxton, J. A. King, D. A. Liedahl, P. W. McKenty, M. B. Schneider, M. J. May, R. Zhang, P. W. Ross, J. L. Kline, A. S. Moore, J. L. Weaver, K. A. Flippo, and T. S. Perry, “Capsule implosions for continuum x-ray backlighting of opacity samples at the national ignition facility,” Phys. Plasmas 24, 063301 (2017).10.1063/1.4985076
[33]	E. S. Dodd, B. G. DeVolder, M. E. Martin, N. S. Krasheninnikova, I. L. Tregillis, T. S. Perry, R. F. Heeter, Y. P. Opachich, A. S. Moore, J. L. Kline, H. M. Johns, D. A. Liedahl, T. Cardenas, R. E. Olson, B. H. Wilde, and T. J. Urbatsch, “Hohlraum modeling for opacity experiments on the national ignition facility,” Phys. Plasmas 25, 063301 (2018).10.1063/1.5026285
[34]	R. F. Heeter, J. E. Bailey, R. S. Craxton, B. G. DeVolder, E. S. Dodd, E. M. Garcia, E. J. Huffman, C. A. Iglesias, J. A. King, J. L. Kline, D. A. Liedahl, P. W. McKenty, Y. P. Opachich, G. A. Rochau, P. W. Ross, M. B. Schneider, M. E. Sherrill, B. G. Wilson, R. Zhang, and T. S. Perry, “Conceptual design of initial opacity experiments on the national ignition facility,” J. Plasma Phys. 83, 595830103 (2017).10.1017/s0022377816001173
[35]	T. S. Perry, R. F. Heeter, Y. P. Opachich, P. W. Ross, J. L. Kline, K. A. Flippo, M. E. Sherrill, E. S. Dodd, B. G. DeVolder, T. Cardenas, T. N. Archuleta, R. S. Craxton, R. Zhang, P. W. McKenty, E. M. Garcia, E. J. Huffman, J. A. King, M. F. Ahmed, J. A. Emig, S. L. Ayers, M. A. Barrios, M. J. May, M. B. Schneider, D. A. Liedahl, B. G. Wilson, T. J. Urbatsch, C. A. Iglesias, J. E. Bailey, and G. A. Rochau, “Replicating the Z iron opacity experiments on the NIF,” High Energy Density Phys. 23, 223–227 (2017).10.1016/j.hedp.2017.05.006
[36]	B. Qing, Z. Zhang, M. Wei, Y. Yang, Z. Yang, G. Yang, Y. Zhao, M. Lv, G. Xiong, Z. Hu, J. Zhang, J. Yang, and J. Yan, “Opacity measurements of a molybdenum plasma with open M-shell configurations,” Phys. Plasmas 25, 023301 (2018).10.1063/1.5012695
[37]	W. Zheng, X. Wei, Q. Zhu, F. Jing, D. Hu, X. Yuan, W. Dai, W. Zhou, F. Wang, D. Xu, X. Xie, B. Feng, Z. Peng, L. Guo, Y. Chen, X. Zhang, L. Liu, D. Lin, Z. Dang, Y. Xiang, R. Zhang, F. Wang, H. Jia, and X. Deng, “Laser performance upgrade for precise ICF experiment in SG-III laser facility,” Matter Radiat. Extremes 2, 243 (2017).10.1016/j.mre.2017.07.004
[38]	R. Ramis, R. Schmalz, and J. Meyer-Ter-Vehn, “MULTI—A computer code for one-dimensional multigroup radiation hydrodynamics,” Comput. Phys. Commun. 49, 475 (1988).10.1016/0010-4655(88)90008-2
[39]	R. Ramis, B. Canaud, M. Temporal, W. J. Garbett, and F. Philippe, “Analysis of three-dimensional effects in laser driven thin-shell capsule implosions,” Matter Radiat. Extremes 4, 055402 (2019).10.1063/1.5095612
[40]	L. Jing, S. Jiang, D. Yang, H. Li, L. Zhang, Z. Lin, L. Li, L. Kuang, Y. Huang, and Y. Ding, “Angular radiation temperature simulation for time-dependent capsule drive prediction in inertial confinement fusion,” Phys. Plasmas 22, 022709 (2015).10.1063/1.4908276
[41]	J.-M. Li, J. Yan, and Y.-L. Peng, “Spectral resolved x-ray transmission in hot dense plasmas,” Radiat. Phys. Chem. 59, 181–184 (2000).10.1016/s0969-806x(00)00289-9
[42]	J. Yan and Y.-B. Qiu, “Theoretical study of opacity for a mixture of gold and gadolinium at a high temperature,” Phys. Rev. E 64, 056401 (2001).10.1103/physreve.64.056401
[43]	J. Zhang, J. Yang, Y. Xu, G. Yang, Y. Ding, J. Yan, J. Yuan, Y. Ding, Z. Zheng, Y. Zhao, and Z. Hu, “Radiative heating of plastic-tamped aluminum foil by x rays from a foam-buffered Hohlraum,” Phys. Rev. E 79, 016401 (2009).10.1103/physreve.79.016401
[44]	J. Zhang, Y. Xu, J. Yang, G. Yang, H. Li, Z. Yuan, Y. Zhao, G. Xiong, L. Bao, C. Huang, Z. Wu, J. Yan, Y. Ding, B. Zhang, and Z. Zheng, “Opacity measurement of a gold plasma at Te = 85 eV,” Phys. Plasmas 18, 113301 (2011).10.1063/1.3660407
[45]	G. Xiong, J. Yang, J. Zhang, Z. Hu, Y. Zhao, B. Qing, G. Yang, M. Wei, R. Yi, T. Song, H. Li, Z. Yuan, M. Lv, X. Meng, Y. Xu, Z. Wu, and J. Yan, “Opacity measurement and theoretical investigation of hot silicon plasma,” Astrophys. J. 816, 36 (2016).10.3847/0004-637x/816/1/36
[46]	Z. Li, X. Jiang, S. Liu, T. Huang, J. Zheng, J. Yang, S. Li, L. Guo, X. Zhao, H. Du, T. Song, R. Yi, Y. Liu, S. Jiang, and Y. Ding, “A novel flat-response x-ray detector in the photon energy range of 0.1–4 keV,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 073504 (2010).10.1063/1.3460269
[47]	D. B. Thorn, F. Coppari, T. Döppner, M. J. MacDonald, S. P. Regan, and M. B. Schneider, “X-ray spectrometer throughput model for (selected) flat Bragg crystal spectrometers on laser plasma facilities,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 89, 10F119 (2018).10.1063/1.5039423
[48]	P. Fan and Z. Zhang, “Dispersion curve and wavelength determination in flat-crystal X-ray spectrograph,” Chin. J. Laser 18, 88 (1991) (in Chinese).
[49]	M. J. May, K. B. Fournier, P. Beiersdorfer, H. Chen, and K. L. Wong, “X-ray spectral measurements and collisional radiative modeling of Ni- to Kr-like Au ions in electron beam ion trap plasmas,” Phys. Rev. E 68, 036402 (2003).10.1103/physreve.68.036402
[50]	T. Nagayama, J. E. Bailey, R. C. Mancini, C. A. Iglesias, S. B. Hansen, C. Blancard, H. K. Chung, J. Colgan, P. Cosse, G. Faussurier, R. Florido, C. J. Fontes, F. Gilleron, I. E. Golovkin, D. P. Kilcrease, G. Loisel, J. J. MacFarlane, J. C. Pain, G. A. Rochau, M. E. Sherrill, and R. W. Lee, “Model uncertainties of local-thermodynamic-equilibrium K-shell spectroscopy,” High Energy Density Phys. 20, 17–22 (2016).10.1016/j.hedp.2016.05.001
[51]	J.-C. Pain and F. Gilleron, “A quantitative study of some sources of uncertainty in opacity measurements,” High Energy Density Phys. 34, 100745 (2020).10.1016/j.hedp.2020.100745