Demonstration of full-scale spatiotemporal diagnostics of solid-density plasmas driven by an ultra-short relativistic laser pulse using an X-ray free-electron laser

Huang Lingen; Šmíd Michal; Yang Long; Humphries Oliver; Hagemann Johannes; Engler Thea; Pan Xiayun; Cui Yangzhe; Kluge Thomas; Aguilar Ritz; Baehtz Carsten; Brambrink Erik; Eren Engin; Falk Katerina; Laso Garcia Alejandro; Göde Sebastian; Gutt Christian; Hassan Mohamed; Heuser Philipp; Höppner Hauke; Kozlova Michaela; Lu Wei; Metzkes-Ng Josefine; Masruri Masruri; Mishchenko Mikhail; Nakatsutsumi Motoaki; Ota Masato; Öztürk Özgül; Pelka Alexander; Prencipe Irene; Preston Thomas R.; Randolph Lisa; Rehwald Martin; Schlenvoigt Hans-Peter; Schramm Ulrich; Schwinkendorf Jan-Patrick; Starke Sebastian; Štefaníková Radka; Thiessenhusen Erik; Toncian Monika; Toncian Toma; Vorberger Jan; Zastrau Ulf; Zeil Karl; Cowan Thomas E.

doi:10.1063/5.0279974

Volume 11 Issue 1

Jan. 2026

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Article Navigation > Matter and Radiation at Extremes > 2026 > 11(1): 017201

Huang Lingen, Šmíd Michal, Yang Long, Humphries Oliver, Hagemann Johannes, Engler Thea, Pan Xiayun, Cui Yangzhe, Kluge Thomas, Aguilar Ritz, Baehtz Carsten, Brambrink Erik, Eren Engin, Falk Katerina, Laso Garcia Alejandro, Göde Sebastian, Gutt Christian, Hassan Mohamed, Heuser Philipp, Höppner Hauke, Kozlova Michaela, Lu Wei, Metzkes-Ng Josefine, Masruri Masruri, Mishchenko Mikhail, Nakatsutsumi Motoaki, Ota Masato, Öztürk Özgül, Pelka Alexander, Prencipe Irene, Preston Thomas R., Randolph Lisa, Rehwald Martin, Schlenvoigt Hans-Peter, Schramm Ulrich, Schwinkendorf Jan-Patrick, Starke Sebastian, Štefaníková Radka, Thiessenhusen Erik, Toncian Monika, Toncian Toma, Vorberger Jan, Zastrau Ulf, Zeil Karl, Cowan Thomas E.. Demonstration of full-scale spatiotemporal diagnostics of solid-density plasmas driven by an ultra-short relativistic laser pulse using an X-ray free-electron laser[J]. Matter and Radiation at Extremes, 2026, 11(1): 017201. doi: 10.1063/5.0279974

Citation:

Huang Lingen, Šmíd Michal, Yang Long, Humphries Oliver, Hagemann Johannes, Engler Thea, Pan Xiayun, Cui Yangzhe, Kluge Thomas, Aguilar Ritz, Baehtz Carsten, Brambrink Erik, Eren Engin, Falk Katerina, Laso Garcia Alejandro, Göde Sebastian, Gutt Christian, Hassan Mohamed, Heuser Philipp, Höppner Hauke, Kozlova Michaela, Lu Wei, Metzkes-Ng Josefine, Masruri Masruri, Mishchenko Mikhail, Nakatsutsumi Motoaki, Ota Masato, Öztürk Özgül, Pelka Alexander, Prencipe Irene, Preston Thomas R., Randolph Lisa, Rehwald Martin, Schlenvoigt Hans-Peter, Schramm Ulrich, Schwinkendorf Jan-Patrick, Starke Sebastian, Štefaníková Radka, Thiessenhusen Erik, Toncian Monika, Toncian Toma, Vorberger Jan, Zastrau Ulf, Zeil Karl, Cowan Thomas E.. Demonstration of full-scale spatiotemporal diagnostics of solid-density plasmas driven by an ultra-short relativistic laser pulse using an X-ray free-electron laser[J]. Matter and Radiation at Extremes, 2026, 11(1): 017201. doi: 10.1063/5.0279974

Citation:

Huang Lingen, Šmíd Michal, Yang Long, Humphries Oliver, Hagemann Johannes, Engler Thea, Pan Xiayun, Cui Yangzhe, Kluge Thomas, Aguilar Ritz, Baehtz Carsten, Brambrink Erik, Eren Engin, Falk Katerina, Laso Garcia Alejandro, Göde Sebastian, Gutt Christian, Hassan Mohamed, Heuser Philipp, Höppner Hauke, Kozlova Michaela, Lu Wei, Metzkes-Ng Josefine, Masruri Masruri, Mishchenko Mikhail, Nakatsutsumi Motoaki, Ota Masato, Öztürk Özgül, Pelka Alexander, Prencipe Irene, Preston Thomas R., Randolph Lisa, Rehwald Martin, Schlenvoigt Hans-Peter, Schramm Ulrich, Schwinkendorf Jan-Patrick, Starke Sebastian, Štefaníková Radka, Thiessenhusen Erik, Toncian Monika, Toncian Toma, Vorberger Jan, Zastrau Ulf, Zeil Karl, Cowan Thomas E.. Demonstration of full-scale spatiotemporal diagnostics of solid-density plasmas driven by an ultra-short relativistic laser pulse using an X-ray free-electron laser[J]. Matter and Radiation at Extremes, 2026, 11(1): 017201. doi: 10.1063/5.0279974

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Demonstration of full-scale spatiotemporal diagnostics of solid-density plasmas driven by an ultra-short relativistic laser pulse using an X-ray free-electron laser

doi: 10.1063/5.0279974

1.
Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
2.
Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
3.
European XFEL, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
4.
Center for X-Ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
5.
Helmholtz Imaging, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
6.
Universität Siegen, 57072 Siegen, Germany
7.
ELI Beamlines Facility, Za radnici 835, 25241 Dolni Brezany, Czech Republic
8.
National Institute for Fusion Sciences, 509-5292 Toki, Japan

More Information

Corresponding author: a)Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: lingen.huang@hzdr.de
Received Date: 2025-05-09
Accepted Date: 2025-09-29

Available Online: 2026-05-11

Publish Date: 2026-01-01

Abstract

Abstract

Understanding the complex plasma dynamics in ultra-intense relativistic laser–solid interactions is of fundamental importance for applications of laser–plasma-based particle accelerators, the creation of high-energy-density matter, understanding planetary science, and laser-driven fusion energy. However, experimental efforts in this regime have been limited by the lack of accessibility of over-critical densities and the poor spatiotemporal resolution of conventional diagnostics. Over the last decade, the advent of femtosecond brilliant hard X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) has opened new horizons to overcome these limitations. Here, for the first time, we present full-scale spatiotemporal measurements of solid-density plasma dynamics, including preplasma generation with tens of nanometer scale length driven by the leading edge of a relativistic laser pulse, ultrafast heating and ionization at the main pulse arrival, the laser-driven blast wave, and transient surface return current-induced compression dynamics up to hundreds of picoseconds after interaction. These observations are enabled by utilizing a novel combination of advanced X-ray diagnostics including small-angle X-ray scattering, resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy, and propagation-based X-ray phase-contrast imaging simultaneously at the European XFEL-HED beamline station.

Conflict of Interest
The authors have no conflicts to disclose.
Lingen Huang: Conceptualization (lead); Data curation (lead); Formal analysis (lead); Investigation (lead); Methodology (lead); Visualization (lead); Writing – original draft (lead); Writing – review & editing (lead). Michal Šmíd: Conceptualization (lead); Formal analysis (equal); Methodology (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Long Yang: Formal analysis (equal); Investigation (equal); Visualization (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Oliver Humphries: Formal analysis (equal); Investigation (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Johannes Hagemann: Formal analysis (equal); Methodology (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Thea Engler: Formal analysis (equal); Methodology (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Xiayun Pan: Formal analysis (equal); Methodology (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Yangzhe Cui: Formal analysis (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Thomas Kluge: Conceptualization (lead); Formal analysis (equal); Investigation (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Ritz Aguilar: Formal analysis (equal); Investigation (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Carsten Baehtz: Investigation (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Erik Brambrink: Investigation (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Engin Eren: Formal analysis (equal); Investigation (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Katerina Falk: Investigation (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Alejandro Laso Garcia: Conceptualization (lead); Formal analysis (equal); Investigation (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Sebastian Göde: Investigation (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Christian Gutt: Investigation (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Mohamed Hassan: Investigation (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Philipp Heuser: Formal analysis (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Hauke Höppner: Investigation (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Michaela Kozlova: Investigation (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Wei Lu: Formal analysis (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Josefine Metzkes-Ng: Investigation (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Masruri Masruri: Investigation (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Mikhail Mishchenko: Conceptualization (lead); Investigation (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Motoaki Nakatsutsumi: Investigation (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Masato Ota: Investigation (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Özgül Öztürk: Investigation (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Alexander Pelka: Investigation (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Irene Prencipe: Investigation (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Thomas R. Preston: Conceptualization (lead); Investigation (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Lisa Randolph: Investigation (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Martin Rehwald: Investigation (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Hans-Peter Schlenvoigt: Conceptualization (lead); Investigation (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Ulrich Schramm: Investigation (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Jan-Patrick Schwinkendorf: Investigation (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Sebastian Starke: Formal analysis (equal); Investigation (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Radka Štefaníková: Investigation (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Erik Thiessenhusen: Formal analysis (equal); Investigation (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Monika Toncian: Investigation (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Toma Toncian: Conceptualization (lead); Investigation (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Jan Vorberger: Investigation (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Ulf Zastrau: Conceptualization (lead); Investigation (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Karl Zeil: Investigation (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal). Thomas E. Cowan: Conceptualization (lead); Formal analysis (equal); Investigation (equal); Methodology (equal); Writing – review & editing (equal).
Author Contributions
L.H. lead the experiment. L.H., M.S., A.L.G., T.K., M.M., T.P., H.P.S., T.T., U.Z., and T.E.C. conceived the experimental setup. L.H., M.S., L.Y., T.E., X.P., C.B., E.B., A.L.G., S.G., M.H., H.H., M.K., W.L., M.M., M.N., M.O., Ö.Ö., A.P., T.P., L.R., M.R., H.P.S., J.P.S., M.T., T.T., and T.E.C. performed the experiment. L.H., M.S., L.Y., O.H., J.H., T.E., X.P., Y.C., T.K., R.A., E.E., A.L.G., P.H., T.P., S.S., E.T., T.T., U.Z., and T.E.C. analyzed the data. L.H. wrote the original draft of the manuscript. All authors discussed the results and revised the manuscript.
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.62

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References(62)

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