Ion acceleration and neutron production in hybrid gas-puff z-pinches on the GIT-12 and HAWK generators

Klir D.; Jackson S. L.; Shishlov A. V.; Kokshenev V. A.; Rezac K.; Beresnyak A. R.; Cherdizov R. K.; Cikhardt J.; Cikhardtova B.; Dudkin G. N.; Engelbrecht J. T.; Fursov F. I.; Krasa J.; Kravarik J.; Kubes P.; Kurmaev N. E.; Munzar V.; Ratakhin N. A.; Turek K.; Varlachev V. A.

doi:10.1063/1.5132845

Volume 5 Issue 2

Mar. 2020

Turn off MathJax

Article Contents

Article Navigation > Matter and Radiation at Extremes > 2020 > 5(2): 026401

Klir D., Jackson S. L., Shishlov A. V., Kokshenev V. A., Rezac K., Beresnyak A. R., Cherdizov R. K., Cikhardt J., Cikhardtova B., Dudkin G. N., Engelbrecht J. T., Fursov F. I., Krasa J., Kravarik J., Kubes P., Kurmaev N. E., Munzar V., Ratakhin N. A., Turek K., Varlachev V. A.. Ion acceleration and neutron production in hybrid gas-puff z-pinches on the GIT-12 and HAWK generators[J]. Matter and Radiation at Extremes, 2020, 5(2): 026401. doi: 10.1063/1.5132845

Citation:

Klir D., Jackson S. L., Shishlov A. V., Kokshenev V. A., Rezac K., Beresnyak A. R., Cherdizov R. K., Cikhardt J., Cikhardtova B., Dudkin G. N., Engelbrecht J. T., Fursov F. I., Krasa J., Kravarik J., Kubes P., Kurmaev N. E., Munzar V., Ratakhin N. A., Turek K., Varlachev V. A.. Ion acceleration and neutron production in hybrid gas-puff z-pinches on the GIT-12 and HAWK generators[J]. Matter and Radiation at Extremes, 2020, 5(2): 026401. doi: 10.1063/1.5132845

Citation:

Klir D., Jackson S. L., Shishlov A. V., Kokshenev V. A., Rezac K., Beresnyak A. R., Cherdizov R. K., Cikhardt J., Cikhardtova B., Dudkin G. N., Engelbrecht J. T., Fursov F. I., Krasa J., Kravarik J., Kubes P., Kurmaev N. E., Munzar V., Ratakhin N. A., Turek K., Varlachev V. A.. Ion acceleration and neutron production in hybrid gas-puff z-pinches on the GIT-12 and HAWK generators[J]. Matter and Radiation at Extremes, 2020, 5(2): 026401. doi: 10.1063/1.5132845

PDF( 2278 KB)

Ion acceleration and neutron production in hybrid gas-puff z-pinches on the GIT-12 and HAWK generators

doi: 10.1063/1.5132845

1.
Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, 16627 Prague 6, Czech Republic
2.
Plasma Physics Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, USA
3.
Institute of High Current Electronics SB RAS, Tomsk, 634055, Russia
4.
National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
5.
Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
6.
Nuclear Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, 18086 Prague, Czech Republic

More Information

Corresponding author: a)Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: daniel.klir@fel.cvut.cz
Received Date: 2019-10-20
Accepted Date: 2019-12-26

Available Online: 2020-03-01

Publish Date: 2020-03-15

Abstract

Abstract

Z-pinch experiments with a hybrid configuration of a deuterium gas puff have been carried out on the HAWK (NRL, Washington, DC) and GIT-12 (IHCE, Tomsk) pulsed power generators at 0.7 MA and 3 MA currents, respectively. On GIT-12, neutron yields reached an average value of 2 × 10 ¹² neutrons, and deuterons were accelerated up to an energy of 30 MeV. This was 50 times the ion energy provided by the generator driving voltage of 0.6 MV and the highest energy observed in z-pinches and dense plasma foci. To confirm these unique results independently on another device, we performed several experimental campaigns on the HAWK generator. Comparison of the experiments on GIT-12 and HAWK helped us to understand which parameters are essential for optimized neutron production. Since the HAWK generator is of a similar pulsed power architecture as GIT-12, the experiments on GIT-12 and HAWK are important for the study of how charged-particle acceleration scales with the current.

FullText(HTML)

References(77)

References

[1]	D. Ryutov , M. Derzon , and M. Matzen , “ The physics of fast Z–pinches ,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 72, 167– 223 ( 2000). 10.1103/revmodphys.72.167 doi: 10.1103/revmodphys.72.167
[2]	M. G. Haines , “ A review of the dense Z-pinch,” Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 53, 093001 ( 2011). 10.1088/0741-3335/53/9/093001 doi: 10.1088/0741-3335/53/9/093001
[3]
[4]
[5]	O. Anderson , W. Baker , A. Stirling , J. Ise , and R. Pyle , “ Neutron production in linear deuterium pinches,” Phys. Rev. 110, 1375– 1383 ( 1958). 10.1103/physrev.110.1375 doi: 10.1103/physrev.110.1375
[6]	D. Klir , P. Kubes , M. Paduch , T. Pisarczyk , T. Chodukowski , M. Scholz , Z. Kalinowska , E. Zielinska , B. Bienkowska , J. Hitschfel , S. Jednorog , L. Karpinski , J. Kortanek , J. Kravarik , K. Rezac , I. Ivanova-Stanik , and K. Tomaszewski , “ Experimental evidence of thermonuclear neutrons in a modified plasma focus,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 071501 ( 2011). 10.1063/1.3555447 doi: 10.1063/1.3555447
[7]	D. Klir , P. Kubes , M. Paduch , T. Pisarczyk , T. Chodukowski , M. Scholz , Z. Kalinowska , B. Bienkowska , L. Karpinski , J. Kortanek , J. Kravarik , K. Rezac , I. Ivanova-Stanik , K. Tomaszewski , and E. Zielinska , “ Search for thermonuclear neutrons in a mega-ampere plasma focus,” Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 54, 015001 ( 2012). 10.1088/0741-3335/54/1/015001 doi: 10.1088/0741-3335/54/1/015001
[8]	At the beginning of the 1960s, the energy production by controlled thermonuclear fusion was so attractive research topic that non-thermonuclear neutrons in z-pinches became the subject of soviet movie “Nine days of one year” (1962).
[9]	N. Filippov , T. Filippova , and V. Vinogradov , “ Dense, high-temperature plasma in a noncylindrical Z-pinch compression ,” Nucl. Fusion, Suppl. 2, 577– 587 ( 1962).
[10]	J. Mather , “ Formation of a high-density deuterium plasma focus,” Phys. Fluids 8, 366 ( 1965). 10.1063/1.1761231 doi: 10.1063/1.1761231
[11]	A. Bernard , “ Plasma focus et applications,” Vide-Sci. Tech. Appl. 57, 836 ( 2002).
[12]
[13]	M. Krishnan , “ The dense plasma focus: A versatile dense pinch for diverse applications,” IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 40, 3189– 3221 ( 2012). 10.1109/tps.2012.2222676 doi: 10.1109/tps.2012.2222676
[14]	K. Ware , A. Williams , and R. Clark , “ Operation of a 720 kJ, 60 kV dense plasma focus,” Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 18, 1364 ( 1973).
[15]	H. Herold , A. Jerzykiewicz , M. Sadowski , and H. Schmidt , Nucl. Fusion 29, 1255– 1269 ( 1989). 10.1088/0029-5515/29/8/002 doi: 10.1088/0029-5515/29/8/002
[16]	S. Lee and S. H. Saw , “ Pinch current limitation effect in plasma focus,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 021503 ( 2008). 10.1063/1.2827579 doi: 10.1063/1.2827579
[17]	W. Kies , “ Power limits for dynamical pinch discharges,” Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 28, 1645– 1657 ( 1986), cited by Ref. 51. 10.1088/0741-3335/28/11/003 doi: 10.1088/0741-3335/28/11/003
[18]	S. Lee and A. Serban , “ Dimensions and lifetime of the plasma focus pinch,” IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 24, 1101– 1105 ( 1996). 10.1109/27.533118 doi: 10.1109/27.533118
[19]	D. Klir and L. Soto , “ Drive parameter of neutron-optimized dense plasma foci,” IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 40, 3273– 3279 ( 2012). 10.1109/tps.2012.2220380 doi: 10.1109/tps.2012.2220380
[20]	D. Klir , V. A. Kokshenev , P. Kubes , A. Y. Labetsky , M. Paduch , K. Rezac , and A. V. Shishlov , “ Search for drive parameter of neutron-optimized Z-pinches and dense plasma foci,” IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 41, 3129– 3134 ( 2013). 10.1109/tps.2013.2283890 doi: 10.1109/tps.2013.2283890
[21]	S. Bugaev , A. Volkov , A. Kim , V. Kiselev , B. Kovalchuk , N. Kovsharov , V. Kokshenev , N. Kurmaev , S. Loginov , G. Mesyats , F. Fursov , and A. Khuzeev , “ GIT16: A megajoule pulse generator with plasma switch for a Z-pinch load,” Russ. Phys. J. 40, 1154– 1161 ( 1997). 10.1007/bf02524303 doi: 10.1007/bf02524303
[22]	A. A. Kim , B. M. Kovalchuk , V. A. Kokshenev , A. V. Shishlov , N. A. Ratakhin , V. I. Oreshkin , V. V. Rostov , V. I. Koshelev , and V. F. Losev , “ Review of high-power pulsed systems at the Institute of high current electronics,” Matter Radiat. Extremes 1, 201– 206 ( 2016). 10.1016/j.mre.2016.08.001 doi: 10.1016/j.mre.2016.08.001
[23]	D. Klir , A. V. Shishlov , V. A. Kokshenev , P. Kubes , A. Y. Labetsky , K. Rezac , J. Cikhardt , F. I. Fursov , B. M. Kovalchuk , J. Kravarik , N. E. Kurmaev , N. A. Ratakhin , O. Sila , and J. Stodulka , “ Characterization of neutron emission from mega-ampere deuterium gas puff Z-pinch at microsecond implosion times,” Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 55, 085012 ( 2013). 10.1088/0741-3335/55/8/085012 doi: 10.1088/0741-3335/55/8/085012
[24]
[25]	J. L. Giuliani and R. J. Commisso , “ A review of the gas-puff Z-pinch as an X-ray and neutron source,” IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 43, 2385– 2453 ( 2015). 10.1109/tps.2015.2451157 doi: 10.1109/tps.2015.2451157
[26]	D. Klir , P. Kubes , K. Rezac , J. Cikhardt , J. Kravarik , O. Sila , A. V. Shishlov , B. M. Kovalchuk , N. A. Ratakhin , V. A. Kokshenev , A. Y. Labetsky , R. K. Cherdizov , F. I. Fursov , N. E. Kurmaev , G. N. Dudkin , B. A. Nechaev , V. N. Padalko , H. Orcikova , and K. Turek , “ Efficient neutron production from a novel configuration of deuterium gas-puff Z-pinch,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 095001 ( 2014). 10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.095001 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.095001
[27]	D. Klir , A. V. Shishlov , V. A. Kokshenev , P. Kubes , A. Y. Labetsky , K. Rezac , R. K. Cherdizov , J. Cikhardt , B. Cikhardtova , G. N. Dudkin , F. I. Fursov , A. A. Garapatsky , B. M. Kovalchuk , J. Krasa , J. Kravarik , N. E. Kurmaev , H. Orcikova , V. N. Padalko , N. A. Ratakhin , O. Sila , K. Turek , V. A. Varlachev , A. Velyhan , and R. Wagner , “ Deuterium Z-pinch as a powerful source of multi-MeV ions and neutrons for advanced applications,” Phys. Plasmas 23, 032702 ( 2016). 10.1063/1.4942944 doi: 10.1063/1.4942944
[28]	R. Gullickson and H. Sahlin , J. Appl. Phys. 49, 1099– 1105 ( 1978). 10.1063/1.325045 doi: 10.1063/1.325045
[29]	L. Bertalot , H. Herold , U. Jager , A. Mozer , T. Oppenlander , M. Sadowski , and H. Schmidt , Phys. Lett. A 79, 389– 392 ( 1980). 10.1016/0375-9601(80)90272-8 doi: 10.1016/0375-9601(80)90272-8
[30]	A. Mozer , M. Sadowski , H. Herold , and H. Schmidt , “ Experimental studies of fast deuterons, impurity-ions and admixture-ions emitted from a plasma-focus,” J. Appl. Phys. 53, 2959– 2964 ( 1982). 10.1063/1.331033 doi: 10.1063/1.331033
[31]	D. Klir , A. V. Shishlov , V. A. Kokshenev , P. Kubes , K. Rezac , R. K. Cherdizov , J. Cikhardt , B. Cikhardtova , G. N. Dudkin , F. I. Fursov , T. Hyhlik , J. Kaufman , B. M. Kovalchuk , J. Krasa , J. Kravarik , N. E. Kurmaev , A. Y. Labetsky , V. Munzar , H. Orcikova , V. N. Padalko , N. A. Ratakhin , O. Sila , J. Stodulka , K. Turek , V. A. Varlachev , and R. Wagner , “ Ion acceleration mechanism in mega-ampere gas-puff Z-pinches,” New J. Phys. 20, 053064 ( 2018). 10.1088/1367-2630/aac545 doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/aac545
[32]	B. Trubnikov and S. Zhdanov , “ Particle acceleration on breaking of constrictions of a Z-pinch and in plasma focus,” Z. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 70, 92 ( 1976).
[33]	G. Burkhart , J. Drake , P. Dusenbery , and T. Speiser , “ A particle model for magnetotail neutral sheet equilibria,” J. Geophys. Res.: Space Phys. 97, 13799– 13815 ( 1992). 10.1029/92ja00495 doi: 10.1029/92ja00495
[34]	A. Lui , “ Current disruption in the Earth’s magnetosphere: Observations and models,” J. Geophys. Res.: Space Phys. 101, 13067– 13088 ( 1996). 10.1029/96ja00079 doi: 10.1029/96ja00079
[35]	T. C. Hender , J. C. Wesley , J. Bialek , A. Bondeson , A. H. Boozer , R. J. Buttery , A. Garofalo , T. P. Goodman , R. S. Granetz , Y. Gribov , O. Gruber , M. Gryaznevich , G. Giruzzi , S. Guenter , N. Hayashi , P. Helander , C. C. Hegna , D. F. Howell , D. A. Humphreys , G. T. A. Huysmans , A. W. Hyatt , A. Isayama , S. C. Jardin , Y. Kawano , A. Kellman , C. Kessel , H. R. Koslowski , R. J. La Haye , E. Lazzaro , Y. Q. Liu , V. Lukash , J. Manickam , S. Medvedev , V. Mertens , S. V. Mirnov , Y. Nakamura , G. Navratil , M. Okabayashi , T. Ozeki , R. Paccagnella , G. Pautasso , F. Porcelli , V. D. Pustovitov , V. Riccardo , M. Sato , O. Sauter , M. J. Schaffer , M. Shimada , P. Sonato , E. J. Strait , M. Sugihara , M. Takechi , A. D. Turnbull , E. Westerhof , D. G. Whyte , R. Yoshino , H. Zohm , and ITPA MHD, Disruption and Magnetic Control Topical Group, “ Chapter 3: MHD stability, operational limits and disruptions,” Nucl. Fusion 47, S128– S202 ( 2007). 10.1088/0029-5515/47/6/s03 doi: 10.1088/0029-5515/47/6/s03
[36]	C. Ruyer and F. Fiuza , “ Disruption of current filaments and isotropization of the magnetic field in counterstreaming plasmas,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 245002 ( 2018). 10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.245002 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.245002
[37]	S. V. Lebedev , A. Frank , and D. D. Ryutov , “ Exploring astrophysics-relevant magnetohydrodynamics with pulsed-power laboratory facilities,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 91, 025002 ( 2019). 10.1103/RevModPhys.91.025002 doi: 10.1103/RevModPhys.91.025002
[38]	M. Haines , “ Ion-beam formation in an M = O unstable Z-pinch,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. 207, 179– 185 ( 1983). 10.1016/0167-5087(83)90235-1 doi: 10.1016/0167-5087(83)90235-1
[39]	G. McCall , “ Calculation of neutron yield from a dense Z-pinch,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 1986– 1988 ( 1989). 10.1103/physrevlett.62.1986 doi: 10.1103/physrevlett.62.1986
[40]	D. R. Welch , D. V. Rose , R. E. Clark , C. B. Mostrom , W. A. Stygar , and R. J. Leeper , “ Fully kinetic particle-in-cell simulations of a deuterium gas puff Z pinch,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 255002 ( 2009). 10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.255002 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.255002
[41]	B. Appelbe and J. Chittenden , “ Neutron spectra from beam-target reactions in dense Z-pinches,” Phys. Plasmas 22, 102703 ( 2015). 10.1063/1.4933117 doi: 10.1063/1.4933117
[42]
[43]	S. Gary , “ Ion-acceleration in a plasma focus,” Phys. Fluids 17, 2135– 2137 ( 1974). 10.1063/1.1694676 doi: 10.1063/1.1694676
[44]	K. Hirano , T. Yamamoto , K. Shimoda , and H. Nakajima , “ Production of a highly ionized ion-beam by a plasma-focus,” J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 58, 3591– 3599 ( 1989). 10.1143/jpsj.58.3591 doi: 10.1143/jpsj.58.3591
[45]	M. Haines , “ Kinetic effects in Z pinches,” Laser Part. Beams 19, 345– 353 ( 2001). 10.1017/s0263034601193092 doi: 10.1017/s0263034601193092
[46]	V. A. Gribkov , A. Banaszak , B. Bienkowska , A. V. Dubrovsky , I. Ivanova-Stanik , L. Jakubowski , L. Karpinski , R. A. Miklaszewski , M. Paduch , M. J. Sadowski , M. Scholz , A. Szydlowski , and K. Tomaszewski , “ Plasma dynamics in the PF-1000 device under full-scale energy storage: II. Fast electron and ion characteristics versus neutron emission parameters and gun optimization perspectives,” J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 40, 3592– 3607 ( 2007). 10.1088/0022-3727/40/12/008 doi: 10.1088/0022-3727/40/12/008
[47]	S. F. Garanin and V. I. Mamyshev , “ Two-dimensional MHD simulations of a plasma focus with allowance for the acceleration mechanism for neutron generation,” Plasma Phys. Rep. 34, 639– 649 ( 2008). 10.1134/s1063780x08080023 doi: 10.1134/s1063780x08080023
[48]	P. Miller , J. Poukey , and T. Wright , “ Electron-beam generation in plasma-filled diodes,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 35, 940– 943 ( 1975). 10.1103/physrevlett.35.940 doi: 10.1103/physrevlett.35.940
[49]	J. Grossmann , S. Swanekamp , P. Ottinger , R. Commisso , D. Hinshelwood , and B. Weber , “ Gap formation processes in a high-density plasma opening switch,” Phys. Plasmas 2, 299– 309 ( 1995). 10.1063/1.871106 doi: 10.1063/1.871106
[50]
[51]	B. M. Kovalchuk , A. A. Zherlitsyn , and N. N. Pedin , “ Plasma-filled diode in the electron accelerator on base of a pulsed linear transformer,” Laser Part. Beams 28, 547– 552 ( 2010). 10.1017/s0263034610000601 doi: 10.1017/s0263034610000601
[52]	S. A. Pikuz , T. A. Shelkovenko , and D. A. Hammer , “ X-pinch. Part I,” Plasma Phys. Rep. 41, 291– 342 ( 2015). 10.1134/s1063780x15040054 doi: 10.1134/s1063780x15040054
[53]	D. Klir , A. V. Shishlov , V. A. Kokshenev , P. Kubes , K. Rezac , S. Buryskova , R. K. Cherdizov , J. Cikhardt , B. Cikhardtova , G. N. Dudkin , J. T. Engelbrecht , F. I. Fursov , S. L. Jackson , J. Krasa , J. Kravarik , N. E. Kurmaev , V. Munzar , V. N. Padalko , N. A. Ratakhin , O. Sila , K. Turek , V. A. Varlachev , and R. Wagner , “ Acceleration of protons and deuterons up to 35 MeV and generation of 10(13) neutrons in a megaampere deuterium gas-puff Z-pinch,” Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 61, 014018 ( 2019). 10.1088/1361-6587/aadc99 doi: 10.1088/1361-6587/aadc99
[54]
[55]	A. Shishlov , R. Cherdizov , F. Fursov , V. Kokshenev , N. Kurmaev , and N. Labetskaya , “ Effect of the gas distribution on implosion dynamics and the K-shell yield of the neon gas-puffs with the outer plasma shell,” J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1115, 022013 ( 2018). 10.1088/1742-6596/1115/2/022013 doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1115/2/022013
[56]
[57]	R. Commisso , J. Apruzese , D. Black , J. Boller , B. Moosman , D. Mosher , S. Stephanakis , B. Weber , and F. Young , “ Results of radius scaling experiments and analysis of neon K-shell radiation data from an inductively driven Z-pinch,” IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 26, 1068– 1085 ( 1998). 10.1109/27.725135 doi: 10.1109/27.725135
[58]
[59]
[60]	D. Klir , J. Kravarik , P. Kubes , K. Rezac , E. Litseva , K. Tomaszewski , L. Karpinski , M. Paduch , and M. Scholz , “ Fusion neutron detector for time-of-flight measurements in Z-pinch and plasma focus experiments,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82, 033505 ( 2011). 10.1063/1.3559548 doi: 10.1063/1.3559548
[61]
[62]	F. Young , W. Oliphant , S. Stephanakis , and A. Knudson , “ Absolute calibration of a prompt gamma-ray detector for intense bursts of protons,” IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 9, 24– 29 ( 1981). 10.1109/tps.1981.4317376 doi: 10.1109/tps.1981.4317376
[63]
[64]	F. Young , “ Neutron diagnostics for pulsed plasma sources,” IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 22, 718– 723 ( 1975). 10.1109/tns.1975.4327734 doi: 10.1109/tns.1975.4327734
[65]
[66]	J. Cikhardt , D. Klir , K. Rezac , A. V. Shishlov , R. K. Cherdizov , B. Cikhardtova , G. N. Dudkin , F. I. Fursov , V. A. Kokshenev , J. Kravarik , P. Kubes , N. E. Kurmaev , A. Y. Labetsky , V. N. Padalko , N. A. Ratakhin , O. Sila , K. Turek , and V. A. Varlachev , “ Neutron spectrum measured by activation diagnostics in deuterium gas-puff experiments on the 3 MA GIT-12 Z-pinch,” IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 45, 3209– 3217 ( 2017). 10.1109/tps.2017.2763641 doi: 10.1109/tps.2017.2763641
[67]
[68]
[69]	D. Klir , “ Spatial distribution of ion emission in gas-puff Z-pinches and dense plasma foci,” Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 62, 035009 ( 2020). 10.1088/1361-6587/ab6902 doi: 10.1088/1361-6587/ab6902
[70]	M. B. Chadwick , P. Oblozinsky , M. Herman , N. M. Greene , R. D. McKnight , D. L. Smith , P. G. Young , R. E. MacFarlane , G. M. Hale , S. C. Frankle , A. C. Kahler , T. Kawano , R. C. Little , D. G. Madland , P. Moller , R. D. Mosteller , P. R. Page , P. Talou , H. Trellue , M. C. White , W. B. Wilson , R. Arcilla , C. L. Dunford , S. F. Mughabghab , B. Pritychenko , D. Rochman , A. A. Sonzogni , C. R. Lubitz , T. H. Trumbull , J. P. Weinman , D. A. Brown , D. E. Cullen , D. P. Heinrichs , D. P. McNabb , H. Derrien , M. E. Dunn , N. M. Larson , L. C. Leal , A. D. Carlson , R. C. Block , J. B. Briggs , E. T. Cheng , H. C. Huria , M. L. Zerkle , K. S. Kozier , A. Courcelle , V. Pronyaev , and S. C. van der Marck , “ ENDF/B-VII.0: Next generation evaluated nuclear data library for nuclear science and technology,” Nucl. Data Sheets 107, 2931– 3059 ( 2006). 10.1016/j.nds.2006.11.001 doi: 10.1016/j.nds.2006.11.001
[71]	D. Klir , J. Kravarik , P. Kubes , K. Rezac , J. Cikhardt , E. Litseva , T. Hyhlik , S. S. Ananev , Y. L. Bakshaev , V. A. Bryzgunov , A. S. Chernenko , Y. G. Kalinin , E. D. Kazakov , V. D. Korolev , G. I. Ustroev , A. A. Zelenin , L. Juha , J. Krasa , A. Velyhan , L. Vysin , J. Sonsky , and I. V. Volobuev , “ Efficient production of 100 keV deuterons in deuterium gas puff Z-pinches at 2 MA current,” Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 52, 065013 ( 2010). 10.1088/0741-3335/52/6/065013 doi: 10.1088/0741-3335/52/6/065013
[72]	A. Batyunin , A. Bulatov , and V. Vikharev , “ Study of an ultrafast Z-pinch on the Angara 5-1 device,” Sov. J. Plasma Phys. 16, 597– 601 ( 1990).
[73]	A. Bernard , P. Cloth , H. Conrads , A. Coudeville , G. Gourlan , A. Jolas , C. Maisonnier , and J. Rager , “ The dense-plasma focus—A high-intensity neutron source,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods 145, 191– 218 ( 1977). 10.1016/0029-554x(77)90569-9 doi: 10.1016/0029-554x(77)90569-9
[74]	M. Milanese , R. Moroso , and J. Pouzo , “ D-D neutron yield in the 125 J dense plasma focus nanofocus,” Eur. Phys. J. D 27, 77– 81 ( 2003). 10.1140/epjd/e2003-00247-9 doi: 10.1140/epjd/e2003-00247-9
[75]	L. Soto , C. Pavez , A. Tarifeno , J. Moreno , and F. Veloso , “ Studies on scalability and scaling laws for the plasma focus: Similarities and differences in devices from 1 MJ to 0.1 J,” Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 19, 055017 ( 2010). 10.1088/0963-0252/19/5/055017 doi: 10.1088/0963-0252/19/5/055017
[76]
[77]	Y. V. Mikhailov , B. D. Lemeshko , and I. A. Prokuratov , “ Experimental dependence of the neutron yield on the discharge current for plasma focus chambers filled with deuterium and deuterium-tritium,” Plasma Phys. Rep. 45, 334– 344 ( 2019). 10.1134/s1063780x19030073 doi: 10.1134/s1063780x19030073